& Gray. Fastest growing northwest native large tree. Regeneration from Planting Plantations of black cottonwood are easily established from rooted or unrooted cuttings, which allows complete control over genetic origin of stock. Best results in planing were obtained with a hook angle of 15°. When the wood is wet, it has a characteristic disagreeable odor. Uses Cottonwood is used for veneer, pulp, pallets, interior case good parts, boxes, crates, moulding (painted), and studs. Seed Black cottonwood seeds are minute, and are tufted with cottony hairs. The Botany of Cottonwood. Mechanized harvesting is quite suitable for typical plantations on agricultural lands (fiber farms). Characteristics Black cottonwood is a soft, light wood of uniform texture. It is a large tree, growing to a height of 3050 m and a trunk diameter of over 2 m, which makes it the largest poplar species in the Americas. III. Common shrubs include red osier dogwood, vine maple, hazel, salmonberry, elderberry, thimbleberry, honeysuckle, spirea, and snowberry. Fremont’s Cottonwood (Populus Fremontii) Cytospora canker (C. chrysosperma) is common in natural forests and may be a threat to regeneration from cuttings. Flower of Black Cottonwood. Aggressive roots can disturb concrete and invade water lines. Stratification Requirement: None required. The trees are notorious for fluffy strings of seeds that get carried great distances in the breeze. About Swamp Cottonwood Trees. Its resistance to cupping and checking associated with outdoor exposure and weathering is very poor. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20:1089-1097. Sometime around May these fruits erupt, creating a “cottonwood snow storm.” The seeds are covered in a white fluff that helps them to travel on the wind for many miles. 1993. Cottonwood thrives in the humid climate of the coastal Northwest, although it grows along rivers in arid regions as well. A cottonwood in Willamette Mission State Park near Salem, Oregon, holds the national and world records. Various trial plantings indicate that annual yield rates from managed cottonwood can average 150 to 300 ft3 per acre for up to 24 years. Leaves: The leaves of a black cottonwood tree grow alternately in a pale green shade, with a leaf size of 2-2.5 inches in length and width. Moderate crowding produces rapid crown closure (2 to 4 years), which suppresses competing vegetation and eliminates the need for further vegetation management treatments. Look for the male 'Siouxland' variety, which grows 2 feet to 3 feet per year, and you’ll have a cottonwood tree minus the cotton. This is often accomplished with repeated mechanical cultivation and applications of herbicide. trichocarpa is a large cottonwood tree of the western United States. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16:491-496. Ref… Protection or prevention of damage may be necessary to avoid severe losses. Associated Vegetation Several species of willow are the major associates of black cottonwood on recent alluvium along most major rivers in the Northwest. Trees begin to flower after 10 years of growth. Refer to the publication High yield hybrid poplar plantations in the Pacific Northwest for detailed information on plantation culture. 1990. The Black Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) grows prolifically along the waterways of the rainy Pacific Northwest. In forest stands, cottonwoods develop narrow, cylindrical crowns and long clear boles. Weight Black cottonwood weighs about 46 lb/ft3 when green and 24/ft3 at 12 percent moisture content (MC). This is how the tree got its common name of cottonwood. High yield hybrid poplar plantations in the Pacific Northwest. Black poplar can be coppiced or pollarded and was therefore a popular source for thatching spars, bean sticks, clothes pegs and woven fruit baskets. Black cottonwood begins producing seed at about 8- 10 years – abundant seed is usually produced every year. The wood is considered semi-ring to diffuse porous. Long cuttings of up to 10 ft have been used successfully in some cases; problems with inadequate rooting and poor stem form are common with long cuttings, however. HINCKLEY, and R.F. It can grow 125 to 150 feet tall. Influence of soil water on the physiological and morphological components of plant water balance in Populus trichocarpa, Populus deltoides and their F1 hybrids. Durability Black cottonwood is a nondurable species that will degrade rapidly if exposed to conditions favorable to decay organisms. trichocarpa) is a native tree that grows in northern, southern and central California. Research Contribution 8. Weak joints are sometimes created if low-viscosity adhesives are used, or if glue spread are too low. Today, hybrid black poplar timber is used to make artificial limbs, wine cases, pallets, shelving, bowls and toys. Harvesting of native black cottonwood may often be subject to restrictions for the protection of riparian zones. Ecological Role Black cottonwood is a pioneer species specifically adapted to colonizing and dominating areas disturbed by floodwaters. Verein fuer Forstliche Standortskunde und Forstpflanzenzuchtung 24:68. It is in flower from April to May, and the seeds ripen from May to June. Regeneration also occurs from abcised shoots with green leaves, which root where they fall or are deposited by water. Animals significantly hinder establishment of black cottonwood plantations. Management should target a spacing regime that produces optimal growth, while maintaining benefits of crowding in young cottonwood stands. Indoor Planting: If your seeds require stratification or scarification – do the recommended pretreatment before planting indoors. Cottonwoods (Populus deltoids) are massive shade trees that grow naturally throughout the United States. The growth rings are inconspicuous, and are differentiated by a thin grouping of pores, which gradually increase in density at the end of the growth increment. Black cottonwood is a large deciduous tree belonging to the willow family (Salicaceae). Deciduous male catkins are 0.8 to 1.2 in. Open-grown trees develop deep crowns with large branches, often on single, massive stems. 1989. A mixture of red alder and black cottonwood can improve the growth of cottonwood via nitrogen fixed by the red alder. The high MC, however, does not cause an unnecessarily elongated schedule. Variation in Melampsora occidentalis rust on poplars in the Pacific Northwest. Some upland sites with deep, moist, and fertile soils are also productive for black cottonwood. Call us at 1 315 4971058. Pulpwood can be grown in 10 to 15 years and sawlogs in 20 to 25 years. This is because cottonwood absorbs the adhesive more readily than other hardwoods. Black cottonwood seedlings do not usually become established in abundance after logging unless special measures are taken to prepare the bare, moist seedbeds required for initial establishment (23). Despite these apparent shortcomings, cottonwoods show some potential as framing materials because their strength properties are comparable to those of currently used softwood species of similar densities. Populus trichocarpa is a deciduous Tree growing to 40 m (131ft) by 12 m (39ft) at a fast rate. Geographic Range Black cottonwood grows from Kodiak Island in Alaska (lat 62°N) to northern Baja California (lat 31°N), and eastward to the Rocky Mountains in Idaho, Montana, and Canada. Black cottonwood hybrid plantations use cuttings of 1- to 2-year-old wood. During a tree's 125-year lifespan, it may rise to a height of 150' with a diameter ranging from 7' to 8'. Volume 2, Hardwoods. We pledge that we do not knowingly buy, sell or trade genetically engineered seeds or plants. Black Cottonwood can grow up to 45 ft. in the first 7 years and up to 200 ft. tall maximum at mature height. Structure and pattern of variation in a 3-year field test. Climate Throughout its wide range, black cottonwood grows in climates that vary from humid to arid. 4-5 foot seedling $6.00. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23:1863-1869. Once your seeds germinate, move each seed into its own container under the growing lights and on the heat mat. HEILMAN, P.E., R.F. Heartwood is classed as moderately difficult to penetrate with wood preservatives. Brayshaw – black cottonwood Subordinate Taxa … Soil Type: Grows best in deep alluvial soils. After releasing their pollen, male stamens are shed. It is one of the largest of some 40 species of Populus and is the tallest, fastest-growing hardwood in the western United States. Genetics Many insects feed on black cottonwood, but none have caused serious problems as yet. In its range, annual precipitation can vary from 10 to 120 in., with about one-third falling during the growing season. It is normally fairly short-lived, but some trees may live up to 400 years. Although it is tolerant of winter flooding, it requires adequate drainage during the growing season. Seeds of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa, USDA zones 7 through 10), for example, should be soaked for six hours and those of the eastern cottonwood for 24 hours. The table below 2 provides a dry-kiln schedule appropriate for the indicated thicknesses. Cottonwood often avoids competition from other species by establishing at high densities on new substrates and overwhelming any competing species. BLANKENHORN. The nail-holding strength of the wood is low. The wood is subject to fuzzing and scratching when sanded, which contributes to problems in finishing. It is also called Western balsam poplar and California poplar. Seed may remain viable for up to 1 year when dried and stored at cold temperatures. The seed catkins bear nearly spherical capsules, about 4 mm, which split into 3 parts to release silky tufts ("cotton") with attached small seeds (about 2 mm long). Successful plantings are established from unrooted cuttings of 1- to 2-year-old-wood that are 12 to 24 in. Cottonwood trees are male and female, and only the female types form seeds (and cotton). 1995. & A. Suitability and Productivity of Sites There are no guides for estimating site productivity for black cottonwood in Oregon and Washington. These species include Pacific, river, northwest, and Scouler willows. Raptors such as osprey frequently nest in cottonwood. Washington State Cooperative Extension; Oregon State University Extension Service; University of Idaho Cooperative Extension System; USDA, [Olympia, Washington]. 1986. Tool wear and dulling is low because of the wood’s low density. Populus trichocarpa and over 1000 other quality seeds for sale. The rays are very fine and scarcely visible with a hand lens. Fungal diseases are a significant threat. A member of the birch family, swamp cottonwood is also known as black cottonwood, river cottonwood, downy poplar and swamp poplar. The fluffy seeds can travel 20 miles on a breeze, they can be carried on streams and rivers and rest in a vernal pool. Seed will readily germinate on a variety of favorable sites, particularly where mineral soil has been exposed or … Place your seeds 1 inch to 1 ½ inches below the soil surface. It also colonizes disturbed upland sites with adequate moisture. The average specific gravity is 0.32 (green) or 0.37 (ovendry). BRAATNE, J.H., T.M. 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