"The History of 'Halakha' and the Dead Sea Scrolls -- Preliminary Observations on Miqsat Ma`ase Ha-Torah (4QMMT)" (in Hebrew), Tarbiz 59 (1990):11-76. From 1957 to 1991 he However, the word miqsat does not just mean "some." Strugnell and Qimron translate this phrase as “precepts of Torah,”. I do not mean to suggest that Paul knew of MMT or of the zealous members of the Qumran community, but simply that Paul was reacting to the kind of theology espoused by MMT, perhaps even by some Christian converts who were committed to the kind of thinking reflected in MMT. The Dead Sea Scrolls (also the Qumran Caves Scrolls) are ancient Jewish religious manuscripts that were found in the Qumran Caves in the Judaean Desert, near Ein Feshkha on the northern shore of the Dead Sea in the West Bank.Scholarly consensus dates these scrolls from the last three centuries BCE and the first century CE. English Translation of Some Torah Precepts (Miqsat Ma'ase ha-Torah) 4Q396(MMT c) Courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority (8) until sunset on the eighth day. : count === 1 0000007103 00000 n The case centered on an appendix of the book which included a … A few others are interpretations or amplifications of Mosaic prescriptions (for example, bans on Gentile offerings and dogs in the Temple). The MMT manuscript lists differences over religious laws that divided the sect that wrote the scrolls from mainstream Judaism. MMT espouses works of the law as exemplified in Phinehas’s deed; those who perform works of the law will be reckoned righteous unto eternity. Dead Sea Scrolls called MMT which says: 4QMMT (Miqsat Ma’ase ha-Torah) (Some of the Works of the Law) Galatians Now we have written to you some of the works of the law, those which we determined would be beneficial for you… And it will be reckoned to you as righteousness, in that you have done what is right and good before Him… 0000002240 00000 n The phrase gives the document its shorthand name—MMT. 2. In 1992, Professor Elisha Qimron of Ben Gurion University in Be'er Sheva, Israel, brought suit against the editors and publisher of A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls, a complete set of photographs of the scrolls, for copyright infringement and the tort of mental anguish asking for approximately $250,000 in damages. The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library offers an exceptional encounter with antiquity. Martin Abegg notes, however, that the word could just as well have been ha‘etsah (the council) or ha‘edah (the congregation). The connection is emphasized by the fact that this phrase appears nowhere in rabbinic literature of the first and second centuries A.D.—only in Paul and in MMT. 0000009618 00000 n 400–407. 6. faith, preached the gospel beforehand to Abraham, saying, “In thee shall all the nations be blessed.” … For all who rely, on works of the law are under a curse. The author is clear about what will flow from adherence to the important precepts being espoused. As Professor Schiffman has noted, the Qumran sect spurned the rabbinic extensions called Talmud, which effectively built a fence around the Torah, successive layers of which have become codified in the rabbinic works of the Mishnah and the two Talmuds.6 The Qumranites were the “Bible only” group of their day. We have also brought suit against Professor Qimron in an American court, not for damages, but simply for a declaration that Professor Qimron does not own the copyright in MMT, so that we can proceed with our work (see “American Professors Seek to Block Qimron’s Control of MMT,” BAR 19:06). The most common Greek word for ma‘ase is ergon. I have italicized the word “reckoned righteous” because of their special importance—both to the author of MMT and to Paul. Dead Sea Scrolls were copied; and to provide some insight into the questions raised and the "mystery" surrounding this great manuscript find. Wave Nunnally and Dr. Keri Wynn; we all are indebted to ProfessorWacholder for a unique experience. J. Amitai (Jerusalem; Israel Exploration Society, 1985), pp. 0000011205 00000 n The author of MMT seems to be trying to persuade his disciple or colleague to rethink the differences that have separated them. He reprinted it as a special appendix to the December 1990 edition. He is accused, among other things, of 'mingling' with the women, and accepting the wages of prostitutes. The addressee may have advocated a compromise with both group’s mutual opponents, the Pharisees. The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge, The Fear of the LORD is the hatred of evil. The usual translation of Miqsat Ma‘ase Ha-Torah—MMT—obscures its relationship to Paul’s letters. And the, scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the Gentiles by. ����1���h�Ƅ�z�D 8��`8b�GN�Ą8;%zу_f����3;3ٙ ��({��@�臆9X��X�A@���ʙr&��Н���?�~hLͶ����y�q^�>X:�h��}g�ٛ�/�\[_�����7:*2"L��j�Q��Ғ�2�|�9Ò����G��dslQan�������J,pc��v��blmijl������:lturlG7F�ũ��c{{�4�"18<4�ݱQ��w�`1�����t�θ����؅��4*�J�����E�.�ശ�.^�/�yc���F�C1�A׀B��p��W{}ڛ�"��H�.lӒGIl��Ŷ�1kG'� Both Galatians and MMT are efforts to guide and correct compatriots; they are not addressed to enemies. Sabbath Keeper erature of the Dead Sea Scrolls may be discerned: a) Citation and interpretation of biblical passages are often woven into a more general discussion, whose purpose is not purely exegetical, as is the case of many biblical passages quoted, for example, in the Damascus Do-cument or MMT.3 b) The passages of Scripture are cited more or less Some have suggested that it was a mem, making the word “the people.” According to this interpretation, the author of MMT was explaining why his group had split from the wider community. MMT is an acronym for Miqsat Ma'ase Ha-Torah - one of the most enigmatic and fiercely guarded Dead Sea Scroll finds. As of this writing, I have not seen the official publication of MMT (reviewed in “MMT as the Maltese Falcon,” in this issue), but I understand that it does not discuss the importance of MMT for New Testament studies. The remains of nearly two dozen legal issues are recorded in MMT. 0000024276 00000 n More recently, Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh, in The Dead Sea Scroll deception (Center for Biblical Studies, Pasadena, CA) said the reason for the long suppression of most of the scrolls was the Vatican, which feared grave damage to Christianity. <<9F602A4D8500F84480254D5CCBC0CD7E>]>> Thanks to the recent scholarship of Prof. Elisha Qimron, Dead Sea Scroll 4Q MMThas, for the first time in nearly 2,000 years, vividly and clearly set forth these constraints. The large brown envelope at the bottom of the stack was not in itself strange, but the lack of a return address seemed odd. It is found nowhere in rabbinic Judaism. Toward the end of the document, the reader is told to “consider all these things and pray to Him” with the positive result “that He might set your counsel/council straight.” In other words, meditation on the law and a calling out to God will result in His acting to mend your council. 219–20. That is, the separation is probably not from the people, but from the council or the congregation—in other words, their own crowd. MMT is the most important of these samizdat texts. 0000002690 00000 n He studied in Budapest and in Louvain, where he read Oriental history and languages and in 1953 obtained a doctorate in theology with a dissertation on the historical framework of the Dead Sea Scrolls. It is striking that when the British Bible Society translated the New Testament into modern Hebrew in 1976—at a time when the text of MMT was known only to half a dozen scholars—they consistently translated ergon nomou (works of the law) as ma‘ase ha-torah. Most of the rulings espoused by the author of MMT are based directly upon Biblical law (for example, the prohibition against plowing with unlike animals in Deuteronomy 22:10). Lawrence H. Schiffman, “New Light on the Pharisees,” in Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls, ed. And “you will be reckoned righteous, in that you have done what is right and good before Him.” This claim is “to your own benefit and to Israel’s.”. In other words, when the word is used in MMT, it does not refer just to some random laws; these laws are important to the writer. This short article will discuss one significant aspect of that subject. The Greek word nomos most commonly translates torah. We find no certain record of the Qumran sect after the Roman suppression of the first Jewish revolt (66–70 A.D.). 0000003152 00000 n The. He was a direct descendant of Phinehas, both Zadok and Phinehas being of the priestly line of Eleazar the son of Aaron. 0000003606 00000 n 0000006220 00000 n Here is a document detailing works of the law. MMT claims that adherence to the works of the law “will be accounted to you as righteousness”; Paul’s answer is that “No human being is justified by works of the law but only through faith in Jesus Christ” (Galatians 2:16). (“The Manual of Discipline” (“The Dead Sea Scrolls of St Mark’s Monastery”) II, New Haven, M. Burrows) Ten other manuscript fragments of The Community Rule were discovered in Cave 4. He is coauthor of Preliminary Edition of the Unpublished Dead Sea Scrolls (Biblical Archaeology Society, 1991), a series of texts reconstructed with the aid of a computer. ... is commonly referred to as MMT, an abbreviation of its Hebrew name, Miqsat Ma`ase ha-Torah. Reviewer: 3Z3K13L - favorite favorite favorite favorite favorite - January 10, 2019 Subject: The Dead Sea Scrolls I have been wanting to read this book for many years now. Martin Abegg is professor of religious studies and co-director of the Dead Sea Scrolls Institute at Trinity Western University in Langley, British Columbia, Canada. Who has bewitched you …? 913 44 A similar understanding of the meaning of the word can be gleaned from its use in the Talmud. (“The Manual of Discipline” (“The Dead Sea Scrolls of St Mark’s Monastery”) II, New Haven, M. Burrows) Ten other manuscript fragments of The Community Rule were discovered in Cave 4. The list clearly reflects a conservative reaction against a relaxation of Torah precepts. … More significant for our purposes, however, are the other two words, ma‘ase ha-torah. 0000004908 00000 n Perhaps there were as many as a dozen more precepts that perished; the aim of the work, however, as seen by its composer, was clearly to call attention to matters that trespass the boundaries between the pure and impure. 2 . The -Qimron . }) 0000008237 00000 n MMT, as noted earlier, stands for Miqsat Ma‘ase Ha-Torah, which Strugnell and Qimron translate “Some of the Precepts of the Torah.” This translation unfortunately obscures MMT’s relationship to Paul’s letters. 0000024507 00000 n id: 62797777, One possibility is that he relied on Genesis 22:16, where, following Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son Isaac at God’s command, God blesses Abraham because of “what you have done.” I believe, however, that MMT relies on another text. The pickup quote "It's a mystery" references the item's effect, as well as the fact that the real Dead Sea Scrolls are so … In this elaborated version of the interview I did on Parable of the Vineyard, I discuss various topics related to the 1946 - 1948 time period. The exhibition Scrolls From the Dead Sea: The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Scholarship brings before the American people a selection from the scrolls which have been the subject of intense public interest. This was all I had read before Professor Wacholder reasoned that this could only be a bootleg transcription of Miqsat Ma‘ase Ha-Torah, already well known in the scholarly world by its acronym MMT. 0000002533 00000 n In one of the MMT documents, released to the public in 1991, is a telltale account of an accusation formed against their High Priest (possibly John the Baptist). Until those discoveries at Qumran, the oldest manuscripts of the Hebrew Scriptures were copies from the 9th and 10th centuries AD … This Dead Sea Scroll and Paul use the very same phrase. THE . "%c" 9–12, also in Biblical Archaeology Today: Proceedings of the International Congress on Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem, Apr. resource: "http://www.sabbathreformation.com/api/comment-count/62797777", The term is Miqsat Ma’ase Ha-Torah, or MMT, the translation of which, by Strugnell and Qimron, is Some of the Precepts of Torah. When Phinehas the priest catches an Israelite in flagrante delicto with a foreign woman, he spears the couple through their bellies with a single spear. One can only understand this historical Jew within the setting and constraints of first-century Torahand religious first-century Jews. It did not … The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library offers an exceptional encounter with antiquity. Other rulings concern cleansing of lepers, admitting the blind and the deaf into the Temple; and permitting intermarriage with Ammonite and Moabite converts, long forbidden to enter the congregation of Israel (Deuteronomy 23:3). The Dead Sea Scrolls are also important for tracing the history of early Christianity. I am in agreement with Robert Eisenman and Michael Wise, The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered (Rockport, MA: Element, 1992), in connecting “works of the Law” with the Apostle Paul; and “reckoned as righteousness” with Phinehas and Psalm 106:31. a. The issues include bringing Gentile corn into the Temple, the presentation of Gentile offerings, and the cooking of sacrificial meat in unfit (impure) vessels. The connection lies in the very title given to this obscure Dead Sea Scroll. And the plague is lifted. Paul must have felt his missionary work threatened by those teaching that the law was the channel of God’s salvation. In other words, separate yourself from those who have infected you with their evil thought and teaching. Three years earlier John Strugnell and Elisha Qimron had described it in two preliminary articles. 956 0 obj<>stream 0000017198 00000 n How then did he arrive at his conclusion, despite the implication of Genesis 15:6? A few minutes with a concordance of the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, leaves little doubt that the Greek equivalent of ma‘ase hatorah is likely ergon nomou.b Ergon nomou is commonly translated in English versions of the New Testament as “works of the law.” This well-known Pauline phrase is found in Romans 3:20, 28 and in Galatians 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10. In this case, miqsat does not mean simply “some.” The same word is used in Genesis 47:2, where Joseph presents five of his brothers to Pharaoh. MMT (Miqsat Ma'ase Ha-Torah) is composed of six fragments, taken from Cave 4, containing instructions concerning the Qumran Calendar, Qumran interpretation of law, and instructions for what should be happening in the Jerusalem temple. If I am correct, MMT enables us to understand in a new way what the Apostle Paul wrote to the Galatians, and perhaps to the Romans as well. PENGUIN BOOKS THE COMPLETE DEAD SEA SCROLLS IN ENGLISH Geza Vermes was born in Hungary in 1924. Later on the Court refers to the scroll as either “the scroll” or MMT. But this is not the view of MMT’s author. In the past, Strugnell and Qimron, as well as some others, have argued that the oft-quoted MMT phrase, “and we separated ourselves from the majority of the people,” used toward the end of the document, denotes the sect’s departure from mainstream Judaism, its separation from Pharisaism. A few minutes with a concordance of the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, leaves little doubt that the Greek equivalent of ma‘ase hatorah is likely ergon nomou. We are continuing our work on MMT as well as on other scrolls. MMT is couched in the exact language of what Paul was rebutting in his letter to the Galatians. … Thus Abraham “believed God, and it was, reckoned to him as righteousness.” So you see that it is, men of faith who are the sons of Abraham. 4 - Opposing the Consensus Edmund Wilson, John Allegro and Geza Vermes all condemned the international team for secrecy, for procrastination and delay in releasing Qumran material and for establishing a scholarly monopoly over the Dead Sea Scrolls.Wilson and Allegro both challenged the team's laboured attempts to distance the Qumran community from so-called 'early Christianity'. So says Psalm 106, recounting Numbers 25:1–8. Singled out for criticism was the book's handling of the text of what has become known as the MMT document, considered one of the most important manuscripts from the Dead Sea caves. The provocative final statement in MMT, “you will be reckoned righteous,” is reminiscent of Genesis 15:6: “And Abraham believed God and it was reckoned to him as righteousness.” This Biblical quotation was of course used by Paul to support his understanding that faith, rather than works, leads to a reckoning of righteousness. The only difference is that the past tense of the verb in Psalm 106 is changed to the future tense in MMT to convert it into a promise for the addressee. Among the Dead Sea Scrolls is found a document that we call now, 4QMMT. And the tone, as in Galatians, is conciliatory. The title of an obscure Dead Sea Scroll is MMT, which stands for Miqsat Ma'ase HaTorah. The same passive verb—“it was reckoned” in Psalm 106 and “you shall be reckoned” in MMT—is one clear reflection of this dependence. In this case, miqsat does not mean simply “some.” The same word is used in Genesis 47:2, where Joseph presents five of his brothers to Pharaoh. Also, the preposition lamed is used to indicate the “product” of the reckoning in both Psalm 106:31 and MMT (“as righteous”), whereas in Genesis 15:6 “righteous” is the direct object of the verb. SHANKS -The. "0" It seems to be a letter sent from a … Scholarship-Érudition. 0000013671 00000 n b. I would download a little book here and another there. On March 15, 1988, as part of my duties as the new graduate research assistant to Professor Ben Zion Wacholder, I climbed the three flights of stairs of the Klau Library at Cincinnati’s Hebrew Union College to pick up his mail. That of course was the case. Admittedly, we cannot expunge from our minds the results of our study of the handwritten transcript we anonymously received in 1988. 0000007607 00000 n This is where the Dead Sea Scrolls benefit us, for the halachic texts (especially the Temple Scroll, the Damascus Document, the MMT text) all show an extreme degree of stringency and strictness in the observance of mitzvot, especially those related to the concepts of purity and impurity, the Temple service, the sanctity of Jerusalem, etc. Back in his office I opened the envelope and found a 12-page photocopy of a handwritten Hebrew manuscript whose first line read “‘elleh miqsat debareynu” (these are some of the words). Similarly, the central theme of MMT is the call to turn from the sin of unholy mixture. 0000003910 00000 n By this reading, MMT concerns a split among sectarians—an intra-communal dispute. 0000003302 00000 n Psalm 106:31 and Genesis 15:6 are the only Biblical verses that contain both the verb hashab, to reckon, and the noun sedaqah, righteousness. 0000005151 00000 n Scholars have varyingly translated it as “some precepts of Torah” or “some legal rulings of Torah.” Both translations miss the mark, writes Martin Abegg, who suggests the proper rendering is “pertinent works of the law.” If Abegg is right, MMT casts important new light on the thinking of Paul, who uses the expression “works of the law” in his letters to the Galatians and the Romans. 0000005400 00000 n 0 This leads me to conclude that MMT concerns an intra-communal dispute that precipitated a schism among sectarians. Near the end of MMT, the writer characterizes what he has written as “what we thought would be beneficial for you and your people, because we have seen [that] you possess insight and knowledge of the Torah [law].” This is hardly the tone one would expect if the Qumran sectarians were addressing their mortal enemies. Sussman, Y. He began his study of the legal material with his doctoral dissertation in 1974, which dealt with "The Halakhah at Qumran." Like MMT, Paul too is addressing his wandering flock: O foolish Galatians. Lawrence H. Schiffman, “The New Halakhic Letter (4QMMT) and the Origins of the Dead Sea Sect,” Biblical Archaeologist 53 (1990), p. 67. 0000011933 00000 n More significant for our purposes, however, are the other two words, ma‘ase ha-torah. They would understandably have concerned Paul, lest his teaching that the Mosaic law played only a supporting role in God’s program—that of “tutor” or “schoolmaster” (Galatians 3:24)—be undermined. 0000001200 00000 n “4Q” means the fourth cave of Qumran. There are other possible reconstructions, however: ha‘etsah (the council) or, even more likely, ha‘edah (the congregation). If Abegg is right, MMT casts important new light on the thinking of Paul, who uses the expression “works of the law” in his letters to the Galatians and the Romans. : "%c" 0000016974 00000 n “Miqsat Ma‘ase Ha-Torah” read the words highlighted in the Dead Sea Scroll fragment above. 0000012659 00000 n 0000003758 00000 n 0000003454 00000 n } If I have understood rightly, the importance of MMT for New Testament research is nothing short of revolutionary. If you follow my advice and adhere to these precepts, MMT says, “you shall rejoice at the end of time when you find the essence[again the word miqsat] of our words true.” The messianic era, it is implied elsewhere, will arrive soon. Strugnell and Qimron translate this phrase as “precepts of Torah,”4 while Lawrence Schiffman offers “legal rulings of Torah.”5 These translations are accurate enough, but they nonetheless cloud the Paul connection. 0000013165 00000 n 0000008032 00000 n Two other considerations point to this relationship between Psalm 106 and MMT. 4. For the first time we can really understand what Paul is writing about. 0000014304 00000 n 1984, ed. In this way, a transcription and translation of MMT was sent anonymously to the editor of a Polish publication devoted to the Dead Sea Scrolls, The Qumran Chronicle. “The People” or “The Community”? 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